Non-equilibrium systems are systems that are not in a state of equilibrium, meaning they are constantly changing and evolving over time. These systems are characterized by the presence of flows of energy, matter, or information that drive their dynamics and behavior. Research in non-equilibrium systems spans a wide range of disciplines, from physics and chemistry to biology and ecology. Non-equilibrium systems are often studied using mathematical models, simulations, and experimental techniques to understand how they respond to external stimuli, adapt to changes in their environment, and exhibit emergent properties. Some common examples of non-equilibrium systems include chemical reactions, biological systems, and ecological communities. Overall, research in non-equilibrium systems seeks to uncover the fundamental principles that govern their behavior and dynamics, and to apply this knowledge to real-world problems such as climate change, disease outbreaks, and sustainable energy production.